Research Article
Urinary Metabolic Profile and Stone Composition, Location and Recurrence in Kidney Stone Formers of the Salah-Aldeen Province, Iraq
Mohemid Maddallah Al-Jebouri, Omar Abid Hamood Al-Jebouri
Middle East Research Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology; 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.36348/merjmb.2026.v06i01.001
Background: Urinary calculi are the third most common affliction of the urinary tract, exceeded only by urinary tract infection (UTI) and pathological conditions of prostate. Advances in the surgical treatment of urinary tract stones have outpaced our understanding of their etiology. Methodology: A total of 135 patients with urolithiasis were submitted to hospital-based series study and 91 of them were males. Recurrence of kidney stone, location of stone, urinalysis were carried out. Urine reagent strip test technique was also used for identification of different urine components. Results: The vast majority of the kidney stone were unilateral renal stones and the frequency was 65.92%(89/135). Urinalysis of the patients with kidney stones revealed positive findings and the most common finding were crystals which demonstrated among 66.7%, but the finding were casts with frequency of 3.7%. The reagent strip test utilized for urine testing showed that the prevalence of blood,protein, nitrate reductase, and leucocyte reductase were found in urine of patients with kidny stone and their frequency of presence was 61.5, 6.7, 39.3 and 40.7% respectively. The following urine constituents like nitrate reductase, leucocyte esterase, blood and protein were tested and their frequencies were 46.3, 55.6, 81.5 and 3.7% respectively. Conclusions: Urinary stone disease was more frequent in males than in females and the ratio was 2:1. The most common elements available in urinary stones were calcium of cations with frequency of 90.3%. Anions like phosphate, oxalate and urate were also identified and the most common was phosphate. More than half of the urolithiasis patients had one or more metabolic abnormalities like hypercalcemia and hyperuricemia.
Research Article
Numerical Simulation and Analysis of the SEIQRV Epidemiological Model
Mohemid Maddallah Al-Jebouri, Mohammed Nokhas Murad Kaki
Middle East Research Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology; 10-21.
https://doi.org/10.36348/merjmb.2026.v06i01.002
Background: This study used the SEIQRV model, an extension of the traditional SIR and SEIR models, to simulate the spread of infectious diseaset added compartments for exposed, quarantined, and vaccinated individuals to more accurately reflect real-world dynamics and assess the impact of public health interventions. Aim: The extension to models like SEIQRV typically arose from the need to incorporate key epidemiological and public health considerations, such as asymptomatic transmission and intervention measures. Methods: Numerical simulations based on the SEIQRV structure were utilized to demonstrate a more detailed progression of disease spread and resolution. Results: The inclusion of quarantine and vaccination parameters enabled targeted evaluation of their respective impacts on infection rates and population immunity. The SEIQRV model integrated delayed onset, isolation, and vaccination, offering a realistic and policy-relevant view of epidemic dynamics. It effectively captured intervention scenarios like those in COVID-19 and influenza. The model enhances prediction accuracy and shows that early quarantine and broad vaccination reduce disease spread and strengthen long-term immunity. Conclusion: The SEIQRV model provided a comprehensive tool for analyzing infectious disease outbreaks and planning effective containment strategies. Its application can inform data-driven public health decisions, optimize intervention timing, and improve readiness for future epidemics.
Research Article
Effect of Disinfectants Exposure on the Susceptibility of Antibiotics, Disinfectants, Heavy Metals and Biochemical Profile for Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Caesarean Wounds
Mohemid Maddallah Al-Jebouri, Hana Salman Al-Bayati
Middle East Research Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology; 22-34.
https://doi.org/10.36348/merjmb.2026.v06i01.003
Background: Contact with disinfectants in sublethal condition allows survival and multiplication of bacteria. It has been found that serial passage of bacteria through diluted disinfectants not only increase minimal inhibitory concentrations, but also brings about phenotypic changes in their antibiogram Contact with disinfectants in sublethal condition allows survival and multiplication of bacteria. It has been found that serial passage of bacteria through diluted disinfectants not only increase minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), but also brings about phenotypic changes in their antibiogram. Materials and Methods: The present work was conducted on 500 patients with caesarean sections. Wound swab was taken on the third postoperative day from hospitalized patients and on the seventh postoperative day from patients attended outpatient clinic. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and conventionally identified. A doubling dilutions of each antimicrobial agent like antibiotic, disinfectant and heavy metal in Muller-Hinton agar plates were done and S. aureus susceptibility to these agents was estimated. Selected antibiotic resistance and biochemical characters were concluded following bacterial exposure to serial dilutions of disinfectants. Results: It was found that different resistance levels to antimicrobial agents ranged from 4-1024, 2-1024 and 1-1024 μg/ml for antibiotics, disinfectants and heavy metals respectively. Exposure of bacteria to serial dilutions of disinfectants induced changes in their biotyping like urease and antibiotic resistance like gentamicin. There was a significant variation in MICs values of most antibiotics tested and ranged from 4-1024 μg/ml. This exposure led to an increase in MICs of disinfectants for the strains tested e.g. MIC of cetrimide for the first strain was 4 μg/ml in the first exposure, and then became 16 μg/ml in the second exposure. The mercury was the most effective metals in the killing of S. aureus. Conclusions: This analysis shows that disinfectant exposure caused progressive and multidimensional changes in both biochemical traits and antibiotic resistance, with the biggest jump was clearly seen between after first and after second exposures.
Research Article
A Molecular Study of Parasitic Contamination of Fresh Leafy Green Vegetables Sold in Diwaniyah City, Iraq
Rana Saleh Al-Difaie, Khawla Hussien Sabbar, Rasha Saleh Sahib
Middle East Research Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology; 35-40.
https://doi.org/10.36348/merjmb.2026.v06i01.004
A healthy human diet must include vegetables because of their high nutritious content. However, when contaminated, they can transmit parasitic intestinal diseases. This study's objective was to evaluate the degree of parasite contamination in raw vegetables, especially since it is well known that these vegetables are present on the table of every Iraqi family in daily meals. A descriptive analytical research was conducted to ascertain the degree of Giardia intestinalis parasite contamination in vegetables sold in local marketplaces in Diwaniyah Governorate where 80 samples of five different types of vegetables was collected: Lactuca stavia (Lettuce), Raphanus sativs (radish), Petroselinum crispum (Parsley), Allium porrum (leek), Nasturtium officinale (Cress), purchased during the period from October 2024 to April 2025 than , it was brought to the laboratory for microscopic examination to determine the parasitic infection. The study's findings demonstrated that the highest contamination was (25%) in lettuce, (18.75%) in parsley, and (12.5%) in both radish and watercress, while the least contamination was leeks (6.25%). The study demonstrated the significance of vegetables as a possible human intestinal parasite source. Therefore, consumers ought to be informed of the need to wash them well before eating, in addition to the need for health education and dissemination of healthy practices among sellers and consumers.
Research Article
A Distribution Comparison of ABO and Rh Blood Group Types and Chronic Diseases with Aging
Mohemid Maddallah Al-Jebouri, Alfarook Mohemid Al-Jebouri, Aya Zamil Ali, Zinah Ziad Ali, Aya Kamil Salih, Haneen Abdalah Mohammed, Sheet Fadil Sheet, Asmaa Abdulkarim Muhammed
Middle East Research Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology; 41-49.
https://doi.org/10.36348/merjmb.2026.v06i01.005
Background: Understanding the ABO distribution among is important from epidemiological viewpoint. It may provide further insights into genetic and/or immunological studies associated with age-related disease susceptibility, and extend understanding of population genetics research. Materials and Methods: A total population study was 800 of Iraqi patients which com¬prised two distinct groups. The younger group consisted of 500 patients aged ≤40 years and older (≥80) consisted of 300 number. Gender, residence and chronic diseases of all patients were also recorded, analyzed and included in the present study. Results: It was found that blood group type O+ was the most prevalent and each geriatric group was complaining from at least one chronic disease. A statistically significant association was observed (p < 0.05), indicating differences in frequency distribution between males and females. It was concluded that 8.9 and 5.4% of ≤ 40 and ≥ 80 years old age groups were of O+ blood group but this blood type distributed almost evenly among both ages of urban area. Conclusions: O+ blood type demonstrated the dominant number among total population studied with frequency of 30.8%. The present study showed that positive rhesus factor was dominant among population under study compared to rhesus negative type and Rh+ was higher among under 40 years old A significant interaction indicated that age-related changes in blood-group composition differed between rural and urban populations, supporting an environmental–demographic influence on phenotype distribution. Interaction analysis revealed that age amplifies the association between specific blood groups and chronic diseases.
Research Article
Catastrophe Theory Analysis of the SEIAQRVD Model: Nonlinear Transitions and Stability Loss in Epidemic Dynamics
Mohemid Maddallah Al-Jebouri, Mohammed Nokhas Murad Kaki
Middle East Research Journal Microbiology and Biotechnology; 50-57.
https://doi.org/10.36348/merjmb.2026.v06i01.006
Introduction: the SEIAQRVD model introduces higher-order nonlinear interactions that arise from feedback loops between infection and control mechanisms. For example, the rate of vaccination, the efficiency of quarantine, and the proportion of asymptomatic individuals collectively generate nonlinear coupling terms that influence the system’s stability and long-term behavior. Methodology: This paper applies Catastrophe Theory to the SEIAQRVD (Susceptible–Exposed–Infectious–Asymptomatic–Quarantined–Recovered–Vaccinated–Deceased) model to investigate the nonlinear mechanisms underlying abrupt epidemic transitions. Results: The analysis reveals distinct fold and cusp structures that define sudden epidemic transitions. Numerical simulations confirm hysteresis and multi-stability, showing that small variations in parameters—such as infection or vaccination rates—can cause large-scale epidemic shifts. The catastrophe surfaces distinguish regions of stable and unstable equilibria. Conclusions: Catastrophe Theory offers a nonlinear framework for understanding epidemic transitions in the SEIAQRVD model. The link between R_0Bifurcation geometry and epidemic stability identify the mechanisms of tipping points and catastrophic shifts. These insights enhance predictive modeling and inform robust public health strategies to maintain stability and prevent the escalation of epidemics.
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