Research Article
Endoscopic Findings of a Patient Having Cholelithasis in SOMCH, Sylhet, Bangladesh
Mohammad Abdul Quadir, Rezwana Mirza, Mirza Omar Beg, Mirza Osman Beg, Morshed Ali, Choudhury Md. Anwar Sadat, Prasen Kairi
Middle East Research Journal of Medical Sciences; 129-134.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/merjms.2024.v04i05.004
Introduction: Cholelithiasis is one of the most frequently encountered disease and one of the major causes of abdominal morbidity throughout world [1]. Cholelithiasis is one of the most common and costly of all digestive diseases. Common causes of upper abdominal symptoms are peptic ulcer, acute and chronic gastritis and gallstones. Objective: To assess the endoscopic findings of a patient having cholelithasis in SOMCH. Methods: This was Retrospective Hospital based study conducted at Department of Surgery, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College Hospital, Sylhet, Bangladesh from January to December 2022 were (One hundred patients were included). All patients underwent OGD after being diagnosed as having cholelithiasis proved by Endoscopic. All patients above 18 years of age presenting with upper abdominal pain, dyspepsia with or without jaundice diagnosed ultrasonically as cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis with cholelithiasis were included in the study and patients managed conservatively, patients with primary choledocholithiasis and with asymptomatic gallstones were excluded from the study. Results: Out of 100 subjects evaluated during the study period, 58 were females and 42 males. The most common age group affected was between 31-50 years (65%), followed by less than 30 years of age being 18% and more than 50 years being 17%. It should also be noted the higher rate of incidence (65%) in the age group of 31-50 years. Associated symptoms with cholelithiasis were pain in abdomen, which was observed in all the patients (100%). Of these, 74 patients (74%) presented with chronic upper abdominal pain and 26 patients (26%) presented with acute upper abdominal pain. Remaining 56% of the subjects had positive endoscopic findings. Endoscopic findings were positive in 56 had hiatus hernia, duodinitis, duodenal ulcer or other positive findings. Among patients with positive findings 14 had both oeophagitis as well as gastritis while 12 had both gastritis as well as gastric ulcer. All the 56 patients (100%) underwent surgery. Forty patients (71.4%) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 14 (25.0%) open cholecystectomy and 2 cholecystostomy for empyema gall bladder. Of the 56 patients 40 patients (71.4%) patient had chronic cholecystitis, 9 patients (16.07%) had acute cholecystitis, 4 patients (7.14%) had carcinoma gall bladder, 2 (3.57%) had xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and 1(1.78%) had cholesterolosis of gallbladder. Of the 4 patients diagnosed of carcinoma gallbladder, 1 patient had carcinoma confined to muscularis mucosa with negative margins and no metastasis, hence no further surgical management was advised and the rest of the 3 patients had either metastasis or positive margins which were managed as per standard guidelines. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis is commonly seen in females in 4th and 5th decade mainly presenting with abdominal pain and dyspepsia. Endoscopy the most common finding was gastritis, oesophagitis and gastric ulcer in decreasing order. There was no hiatus hernia, duodinitis or duodenal ulcer in our study. Patients presenting with dyspepsia and gall-stones in rural setup should be directly treated surgically. Multiple gallstones are common and Laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers best surgical management with 6.57% of conversion rate to open cholecystectomy, with lesser complications.
Review Article
Study of the Characteristics and Functions Astrocytes of the Nervous System
Marco Vinícios de Oliveira Santana, Carlos Henrique Marchiori, Klebert de Paula Malheiros
Middle East Research Journal of Medical Sciences; 135-148.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.36348/merjms.2024.v04i05.005
Astrocytes are glial cells located in the central nervous system, that is, in the brain and spinal cord. Like the rest of the glia, astrocytes play supporting roles concerning neurons, the main cells of the nervous system from a functional point of view. Astrocytes are formed from cells of the ectoderm, the layer of the embryonic disc from which the nervous system and epidermis arise, during the organism's early development. Like most glia, astrocytes start from undifferentiated cells similar to those that give rise to neurons. This article aims to relate the characteristics and functions of astrocytes in the brain nutrition function, in the memory and learning process of stroke. Concerned with outlining a public profile of quality research in the area, we sought to answer these questions based on a literature review in the main journals in the area (national and international) classified by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). To complement this analysis with other types of documents such as books, scientific journals, documents, and digital platforms, the following analysis steps were followed: (1) exhaustive reading of each article aiming at a global understanding and discovery of the approach used by its authors; (2) identification of the central ideas of each article; (3) classification of the ideas around core meanings; (4) comparison between the different core meanings present in the articles studied; (5) classification of the core meanings into broader axes (themes) around which the authors' discussions revolved; and (6) writing of interpretative summaries of each theme. After analyzing the content of the articles, we sought to establish a dialogue between the themes found and the literature that served as a basis for introducing the present study.
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